DOI: https://doi.org/10.32776/revbiomed.v36i3.1342

Environmentally Friendly Low-Temperature Synthesis of Black TiO₂ Nanoparticles and Preliminary Cytotoxicity Evaluation in HEK-293T Cells

Angel Daniel Ramírez-Herrera, Luis Alberto Bretado-Aragon, Gloria Barbosa-Sabanero, Yolanda Alvarado-Caudillo, Yvain de los Ángeles Salinas-Delgado, Luis Fernando Ceja-Torres

Resumen

Introduction: Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) finds use in various medical applications and devices. Its unique properties, particularly its band gap, play a key role in these applications. TiO₂ is widely employed in biomedical contexts due to its capability to reflect and scatter UV radiation, as well as its antimicrobial properties.

Objective: This study aimed to present an eco-friendly, low-temperature, and rapid method for synthesizing black titanium dioxide nanoparticles (BTiO2NPs) and to evaluate their cytotoxicity in human embryonic kidney cells.

Methods: An aqueous medium, ascorbic acid, and titanium chloride (TiCl3) were utilized for the synthesis. Nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV-Vis spectrometry. The cytotoxicity of BTiO2NPs was evaluated with the trypan blue exclusion and XTT assays.

Results: The obtained anatase had a crystallite size of under 10 nm, exhibiting a spherical morphology and oxygen-deficient surfaces. With excess TiCl3, an amorphous TiO2 phase could also form. The same synthesis without ascorbic acid yielded a rutile phase with a nanometric size. Over 80% viability was achieved in HEK-293T human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293 T, CRL-3216 ATCC) across all treatments; a minimal time- and concentration-dependent effect on cell viability and proliferation was noted, indicating low cytotoxicity.

Conclusion: Surface-modified TiO₂ nanoparticles smaller than 100 nm were produced. They exhibited low cytotoxicity in human kidney cells (HEK-293T) while enhancing mitochondrial metabolism. Further studies are needed on this nanomaterial, which shows potential for biomedical applications.

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.32776/revbiomed.v36i3.1342

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